Vartaku (Eggplant) in Ayurveda: Properties & Everyday Use

What it is

Vartaku (also vartaka, vruntaka) is the fruit of Solanum melongena L.: the common eggplant or brinjal, a member of the nightshade family (Solanaceae). In Ayurvedic usage the ripe fruit (vruntaka phala) is the main part; research studies have also examined the leaves and seeds (IJLPR analytical review). The fruit is a low-calorie, high-phenolic food rich in dietary fiber and antioxidants, and contains constituents including arginine, ascorbic acid, the steroidal alkaloid solasodine, and oxalic acid (IJLPR review).

Classical properties

• Taste (rasa): pungent (Katu), bitter (Tikta)
• Qualities (guna): light (Laghu), sharp (Tikshna)
• Potency (virya): warming (Ushna)
• After digestion (vipaka): pungent (Katu)
• Doshas: traditionally said to settle Vata and Kapha; may increase Pitta

Traditional use

In Ayurveda, vartaku is mentioned as pathyakara, a wholesome, suitable food, in various disease conditions, and is described as stimulating digestion and appetite while potentially aggravating pitta if consumed in excess (IJLPR review). Folk and traditional medicine in various regions has applied different parts of the plant for asthma, bronchitis, inflammation, and neuralgia: these are traditional uses, not clinical proof (IJSART review).

What research has looked at

Cholesterol / blood lipids (two small human trials, conflicting)

The best-known clinical study is a Brazilian trial in which 38 hypercholesterolemic volunteers took an S. melongena fruit infusion or placebo for five weeks, with and without dietary counseling (Guimarães et al., Braz J Med Biol Res 2000). No differences were seen between the infusion and placebo groups. Within the infusion group not receiving dietary counseling, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B fell modestly: but the authors themselves described the effect as "modest and transitory" and no different from standard dietary advice.

A later Brazilian trial (Praça et al., Arq Bras Cardiol 2004) directly compared eggplant extract with a statin and a control group over six weeks and found the extract did not alter serum lipid levels at all. The authors concluded the extract "is not to be considered an alternative to statins" for lowering cholesterol (Praça et al. 2004). Two small trials, no consistent effect: the cholesterol-lowering reputation is not supported. Never use it in place of, or alongside, prescribed medicine without your doctor.

Anti-inflammatory activity (animal study)

An aqueous extract of S. melongena leaves given to rats reduced carrageenan-induced paw swelling by 42.6%, compared with 64.5% for aspirin. Acute oral toxicity testing found a high LD50 (PMC). Animal data only: not evidence it treats inflammation in people. Never use it in place of, or alongside, prescribed medicine without your doctor.

Diabetes and blood-pressure enzymes (in-vitro only)

Laboratory work found phenolic-rich eggplant fruit extracts inhibited α-glucosidase and angiotensin-converting enzyme, enzymes relevant to type 2 diabetes and hypertension, in test tubes (Kwon Y-I, Apostolidis E, Shetty K. Bioresour Technol. 2008;99:2981–2988: primary paper). In-vitro findings are a starting point for research, not proof of any effect in the body.

Safety notes

Eggplant is a widely eaten vegetable, which is reassuring for food-level consumption. Safety data for medicinal doses are limited: the animal study above found a high LD50 for the leaf extract, but that is not human safety data (PMC). The fruit contains glycoalkaloids (including solasodine) and oxalic acid (IJLPR review); people with nightshade sensitivity or a history of oxalate kidney stones should be cautious and talk to a clinician before using concentrated preparations.

FAQs

Is vartaku the same as eggplant?

Yes. Vartaku (Sanskrit vruntaka) is the Ayurvedic name for the fruit of Solanum melongena L.: the common eggplant or brinjal (IJLPR review).

Does eggplant lower cholesterol?

Probably not in any meaningful way. One small trial found a modest, short-lived reduction in total and LDL cholesterol; a second trial found no effect at all (Guimarães et al. 2000; Praça et al. 2004).

What did the human trials actually test?

Both trials tested eggplant fruit preparations (an infusion in one, an extract in the other) in hypercholesterolemic adults over 5–6 weeks: not general wellness or other conditions (Guimarães et al. 2000; Praça et al. 2004).

Is eggplant good for diabetes?

There is no human evidence for this. One laboratory study found eggplant phenolics inhibited diabetes-related enzymes in test tubes: interesting chemistry, not a treatment (Kwon et al., Bioresour Technol. 2008: primary paper).

Is it safe to eat eggplant daily?

As a food, yes for most people: it is a widely consumed vegetable. Concentrated medicinal preparations are a different matter: human safety data are limited, so check with a clinician (PMC).

Sources

• IJLPR review. "Analytical Profile of Vruntaka Phala Beeja (Solanum melongena Linn. Seeds)." Int J Life Sci Pharma Res. 2023;13(3) — ijlpr.com
• Guimarães PR et al. "Eggplant (Solanum melongena) infusion has a modest and transitory effect on hypercholesterolemic subjects." Braz J Med Biol Res. 2000;33(9):1027–1036 — scielo.br
• Praça JM et al. "Eggplant (Solanum melongena) extract does not alter serum lipid levels." Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004;82:269–276 — qa1.scielo.br
• "Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Aqueous Extract of Leaves of Solanum Melongena Linn. in Experimental Animals." — PMC · PMC4347094
• Kwon Y-I, Apostolidis E, Shetty K. "In vitro studies of eggplant (Solanum melongena) phenolics as inhibitors of key enzymes relevant for type 2 diabetes and hypertension." Bioresour Technol. 2008;99:2981–2988 — DOI · 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.06.035
• Lalitha P et al. "Different Pharmacological Activities of the Egg Plant (Solanum melongena) — A Comprehensive Review." IJSART — ijsart.com

Disclaimer

This article is for educational purposes only and is not medical advice. Herbal products can interact with medications and are not suitable for everyone. Talk to a qualified healthcare practitioner before use — especially if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, managing a medical condition, or taking prescription medicines.